{
  "name": "solarpanelcost country dataset",
  "version": "2026-09-21",
  "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
  "attribution": "solarpanelcost.org",
  "sources": {
    "electricity_price": "Eurostat nrg_pc_204, household band DC (2500-4999 kWh/y), all taxes included, 2025-S2",
    "yield": "PVGIS 5.3 (European Commission JRC), cross-checked with Global Solar Atlas",
    "installed_cost": "IEA-PVPS National Survey Reports and national market references",
    "export_value_share_of_retail": "feed-in tariff or export compensation in force, divided by the retail price",
    "self_install": "whether a homeowner may install a grid-connected system themselves; documented for BE, DE, ES, FR, IT, NL only",
    "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": "certification, inspection or reserved AC work that a self-installer still has to pay for",
    "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": "extra VAT incurred when buying equipment without installation, as a fraction"
  },
  "countries": [
    {
      "iso": "AT",
      "country": "Austria",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1150,
      "seasonality": 0.35,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2714,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1500,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 598,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.25,
      "latitude": 47,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 650,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "BE",
      "country": "Belgium",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1050,
      "seasonality": 0.32,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.3496,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1334,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 626,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.14,
      "latitude": 51,
      "self_install": "allowed",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 150,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0.15,
      "sourced": true
    },
    {
      "iso": "BG",
      "country": "Bulgaria",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1350,
      "seasonality": 0.4,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1306,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1003,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 501,
      "local_currency": "BGN",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.35,
      "latitude": 43,
      "self_install": "allowed",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 350,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "HR",
      "country": "Croatia",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1350,
      "seasonality": 0.42,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1601,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1196,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.45,
      "latitude": 45,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "CZ",
      "country": "Czechia",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1080,
      "seasonality": 0.32,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2806,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1302,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 552,
      "local_currency": "CZK",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.3,
      "latitude": 50,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 500,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "DK",
      "country": "Denmark",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1020,
      "seasonality": 0.27,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.3597,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1500,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 644,
      "local_currency": "DKK",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.35,
      "latitude": 56,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 700,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "EE",
      "country": "Estonia",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 950,
      "seasonality": 0.2,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1996,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1196,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.6,
      "latitude": 59,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "FI",
      "country": "Finland",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 930,
      "seasonality": 0.18,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1996,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1500,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 626,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.55,
      "latitude": 62,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "FR",
      "country": "France",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1250,
      "seasonality": 0.38,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2558,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 2000,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 649,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.043,
      "latitude": 47,
      "self_install": "allowed",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 190,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0.145,
      "sourced": true
    },
    {
      "iso": "DE",
      "country": "Germany",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1100,
      "seasonality": 0.33,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.3864,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1104,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 552,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.2,
      "latitude": 51,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 750,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": true
    },
    {
      "iso": "GR",
      "country": "Greece",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1600,
      "seasonality": 0.55,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2098,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1150,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.35,
      "latitude": 38,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 600,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "HU",
      "country": "Hungary",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1200,
      "seasonality": 0.36,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1297,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1104,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 501,
      "local_currency": "HUF",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.7,
      "latitude": 47,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 650,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "IT",
      "country": "Italy",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1450,
      "seasonality": 0.48,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2962,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1306,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 598,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.43,
      "latitude": 42,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": true
    },
    {
      "iso": "LV",
      "country": "Latvia",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 980,
      "seasonality": 0.2,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1904,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1251,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.55,
      "latitude": 57,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "LI",
      "country": "Liechtenstein",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1150,
      "seasonality": 0.35,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.23,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 2070,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 828,
      "local_currency": "CHF",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.45,
      "latitude": 47,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 900,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "LT",
      "country": "Lithuania",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1000,
      "seasonality": 0.21,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1904,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1150,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 501,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.65,
      "latitude": 55,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 400,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "LU",
      "country": "Luxembourg",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1050,
      "seasonality": 0.32,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2098,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1702,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 626,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.55,
      "latitude": 50,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 700,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "MT",
      "country": "Malta",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1750,
      "seasonality": 0.6,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.15,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1251,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.7,
      "latitude": 36,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "NL",
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1030,
      "seasonality": 0.3,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2558,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 800,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 501,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.3,
      "latitude": 52,
      "self_install": "allowed",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 250,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": true
    },
    {
      "iso": "NO",
      "country": "Norway",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 900,
      "seasonality": 0.17,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1398,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1702,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 649,
      "local_currency": "NOK",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.7,
      "latitude": 61,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "PL",
      "country": "Poland",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1050,
      "seasonality": 0.3,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2401,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1104,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 501,
      "local_currency": "PLN",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.55,
      "latitude": 52,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 400,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "PT",
      "country": "Portugal",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1650,
      "seasonality": 0.55,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2401,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1302,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.3,
      "latitude": 39,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "RO",
      "country": "Romania",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1300,
      "seasonality": 0.38,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2098,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1049,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 501,
      "local_currency": "RON",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.55,
      "latitude": 45,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "SK",
      "country": "Slovakia",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1150,
      "seasonality": 0.34,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2696,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1251,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.25,
      "latitude": 48,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 500,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "SI",
      "country": "Slovenia",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1250,
      "seasonality": 0.38,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1996,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1251,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.6,
      "latitude": 46,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 500,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "ES",
      "country": "Spain",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1560,
      "seasonality": 0.55,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.2668,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1472,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 524,
      "local_currency": "EUR",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.27,
      "latitude": 40,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": true
    },
    {
      "iso": "SE",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 980,
      "seasonality": 0.2,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.1904,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 1500,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 626,
      "local_currency": "SEK",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.6,
      "latitude": 60,
      "self_install": "not for grid-connected",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 300,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    },
    {
      "iso": "CH",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "yield_kwh_per_kwp_year": 1200,
      "seasonality": 0.35,
      "electricity_eur_per_kwh": 0.23,
      "installed_cost_eur_per_kwp": 2070,
      "battery_cost_eur_per_kwh": 828,
      "local_currency": "CHF",
      "export_value_share_of_retail": 0.45,
      "latitude": 47,
      "self_install": "AC reserved to a registered installer",
      "mandatory_professional_cost_eur": 900,
      "vat_penalty_on_materials_only": 0,
      "sourced": false
    }
  ]
}